EÍDOS 23

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ASSILZADEH, H., TOGHROLI, E. - Interactive Oil Spill Management, Operation and Administration System. pp. 15-24 ISSN:1390-5007

Hamid Assilzadeh,

Emad Toghroli

Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad UTE. hamidassilzadeh@calut.au.

ORCID: 0000-0002-7546-2723

Department of Civil Engineering, Calut Company Holding. toghroli@calut.au. ORCID: 0009-0001-6279-3806

Interactive Oil Spill Management, Operation

and Administration System

Sistema interactivo de gestión, operación y administración

de derrames de petróleo

EÍDOS N

Revista Cientíca de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

ISSN: 1390-5007

revistas.ute.edu.ec/index.php/eidos

Recepción: 10, 10, 2023 - Aceptación: 24, 11, 2023 - Publicado: 01, 01, 2024

Resumen:

Este artículo presenta un sistema de gestión de derra-

mes de petróleo que es interactivo y en tiempo real. El

sistema utiliza módulos de desarrollo de aplicaciones

y geobases de datos, que se integran con los siste-

mas de comunicación por Internet. Está diseñado para

cubrir todas las etapas de la gestión de derrames de

petróleo, incluso antes, durante y después de un ac-

cidente. El sistema se puede vincular con varios sa-

télites, sistemas de monitoreo aéreo y dispositivos te-

rrestres, a través de sistemas de comunicación, para

facilitar la alerta temprana de derrames de petróleo, el

análisis de situación, el análisis de riesgos, el análisis

de daños, el monitoreo y la gestión en tiempo real. Los

componentes del sistema incluyen una base de datos,

un repositorio central, modelos de desastres, comando

y control, y esquemas de comunicación. Este artículo

ilustra la conjunción de software y hardware con una

variedad de modelos y tecnologías para el monitoreo y

gestión de derrames de petróleo en tiempo real.

Palabras clave: derrame de petróleo; gestión; sistema

de soporte de decisiones; diseño de sistemas geo-

máticos.

Abstract:

This paper presents an oil spill management system

that is interactive and real-time. The system uses geo-

database and application development modules that

are integrated with internet communication systems. It

is designed to cover all stages of oil spill management,

including before, during, and after an accident. The

system can be linked with various satellites, airborne

monitoring systems, and ground devices through

communication systems to facilitate oil spill early

warning, situational analysis, risk analysis, damage

analysis, monitoring, and management in real-time. The

components of the system include a database, central

repository, disaster models, command and control,

and communication schemes. This paper illustrates the

conjunction of computer software and hardware with a

variety of models and technologies for real-time oil spill

monitoring and management.

Keywords: Oil Spill; Management; Decision Support

System; Geomatic System Design.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Oil spill hazard is an event that

occurs suddenly and has complex impli-

cations. It leads to the loss of animal life,

property damage, environmental degra-

dation, and signicant disruptions to lo-

cal activities. Addressing such incidents

requires extensive resources, equipment,

skills, and coordinated efforts from multi-

ple agencies. The vulnerability to oil spills

varies across regions, but a substantial

part of the country is exposed to these

hazards, which can have far-reaching

socio-economic consequences and ad-

versely impact coastal communities.

While many contingency plans

and procedures for oil spill management

and relief are not standardized, some

emergency response agencies have ad-

opted systematic and computer-based

approaches for oil spill monitoring and

detection. Various computer-based emer-

gency response procedures are available

in the market, each offering different func-

tionalities for oil spill emergency response.

However, the diversity of databases with

different formats poses challenges in in-

tegrating these systems into a unied

framework for oil spill contingency. Conse-

quently, the lack of compatibility between

platforms, database formats, and system

congurations hampers effective oil spill

contingency efforts. Furthermore, most of

these systems operate ofine, providing

results that are not in real-time. Conse-

quently, utilizing these systems for oil spill

emergency response can be complicated,

costly, inefcient, and time-consuming.

Note that while these systems have

their limitations, they still play a crucial role

in mitigating the impact of oil spills and fa-

cilitating emergency response efforts.

NOAA Emergency Response Di-

vision (ERD) has recently adopted a suite

of modules tailored to oil spill trajectory

modeling and emergency response [1].

These modules, namely Computer-Aided

Management of Emergency Operations

(CAMEO) and General NOAA Operational

Modeling Environment (GNOME), are spe-

cically designed to support rst respond-

ers and emergency planners [2]. The in-

tegration of these modules is a signicant

milestone in the advancement of oil spill

emergency response technology in Can-

ada. However, there is still more work to

be done.

The GNOME trajectory model is

renowned for its impeccable algorithmic

performance. However, the user’s exper-

tise is crucial in conguring the model to

operate in diagnostic mode for spill re-

sponse. Despite the integration of these

two systems into a unied platform, they

do not encompass all the prerequisites for

oil spill management and emergency re-

sponse. A comprehensive system for oil

spill management should encompass all

the necessary procedures and information

required before, during, and after disas-

ters occur.

Oil Spill Information System (OSIS)

and Shoreline Oil Cleanup Recovery and

Treatment Evaluation System (SOCRA-

TES) are two systems developed by BMT

Marine Information Systems Limited and

AEA Technology PLC to facilitate oil spill

contingency planning [3]. While OSIS is

employed for oil spill trajectory simulation,

SOCRATES serves as a tool for contingen-

cy planning, providing detailed insights

into coastal characteristics, sensitive sites,

access points, and equipment bases. The

system boasts a robust database encom-

passing oil types and weather information,

along with commendable functionalities

for oil spill contingency. However, it still

lacks certain essential requirements nec-

essary to coordinate disaster mitigation

and relief operations. Authorities require

more comprehensive information pertain-

ing to disasters to enhance preparedness

levels concerning disaster planning and

execution of mitigation measures.

To improve readiness for handling

oil spill disaster events, disaster teams

require a real-time data transaction infra-

structure. An operational oil spill disaster

data processing and dissemination system

is needed to support all operational mitiga-

tion and relief procedures during oil spill di-

saster contingency [4]. The system should

be based on proven disaster models and

methodologies such as GNOME & CAM-

EO. It should also include an interactive

system that covers real-time disaster man-

agement, operation, and administration.

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The optimal design method for oil

spill contingency planning should cover all

stages of disaster mitigation support. This

paper investigates this topic and explains

ve major components in the system struc-

ture graphically. It also discusses major di-

saster models and disaster management

components required to cover all proceed-

ings of monitoring, assessment, mitigation,

and management before, during, and after

an accident happens.

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN

There are ve main components

of an efcient contingency system for oil

spills. These components are as follows:

Database: It serves as a repository for all

the information required to model oil spills.

Early Warning System: It provides re-

al-time early warning information.

Disaster Modules: They provide all the nece-

ssary disaster products and information.

Command & Control System: It enables

disaster management and administration.

Communication Systems: They allow

mutual communication to disseminate

data among authorized people and disas-

ter players in the elds.

Figure 1 graphically illustrates the

major components of an interactive re-

al-time disaster management, operation,

and administration scheme.

Figure 1. Major components of an interactive real-time oil

spill management, operation and administration system,

Source: Authors.

The system consists of the following

components: a) Alert System: It provides

early warning information in real-time. b)

Databases: They serve as repositories for

all the information required to model oil

spills. c) Disaster Models: They provide

all the necessary disaster products and

information. d) Command & Control Sys-

tem: It enables disaster management and

administration. e) Communication System:

It allows mutual communication to dissem-

inate data among authorized people and

disaster players in the elds.

Figure 2 illustrates a list of data,

models, and products required for an oil

spill management, operation, and admi-

nistration system The functionalities of

each system component are as follows:

Figure 2. List of data, models and products required for an oil spill management, operation and administration system,

Source: Authors.

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Alert System

The alert system is a crucial compo-

nent of the system that provides real-time,

medium-term, and long-term early warning

information to enable rapid response to oil

spill events. The system aims to provide

timely alerts for oil spill incidents, catering

to real-time, medium-term, and long-term

requirements The system receives infor-

mation about oil spill location through its

communication infrastructure and lever-

ages various data sources such as GIS

data, remotely sensed data, and monitor-

ing technologies like deployed sensors

and observant systems. The Environmen-

tal Sensitivity Index (ESI) map serves as a

long-term early warning system for oil spill

risk, while trajectory simulation results over

this map offer medium-term risk early warn-

ing. Disaster models play a crucial role in

providing essential disaster products and

information. The Command & Control Sys-

tem facilitates disaster management and

administration. The Communication Sys-

tem enables authorized personnel and

disaster players to exchange data effec-

tively. In summary, the alert system is an

essential tool that provides timely alerts for

oil spill incidents, catering to real-time, me-

dium-term, and long-term requirements. It

leverages various data sources such as

GIS data, remotely sensed data, and mon-

itoring technologies like deployed sensors

and observant systems. The Environmen-

tal Sensitivity Index (ESI) map serves as

a long-term early warning system for oil

spill risk, while trajectory simulation re-

sults over this map offer medium-term

risk early warning. Disaster models play a

crucial role in providing essential disaster

products and information. The Command

& Control System facilitates disaster man-

agement and administration. The Commu-

nication System enables authorized per-

sonnel and disaster players to exchange

data effectively.

Database

To ensure effective situational anal-

ysis and disaster modeling, an integrated

database plays a pivotal role in consolidat-

ing input data from various agencies and

departments. These entities act as custo-

dians for essential information required for

oil spill modeling, assessment, and emer-

gency response. The integrated database

serves as a centralized repository, facili-

tating seamless access to crucial data. It

encompasses a wide range of information,

including weather data, sea states, and

other relevant parameters. While some of

this information is linked to the database

online and in real-time, other pre-existing

data is readily available for analysis. The

database structure includes spatial and

tabular information, which are indispens-

able for the oil spill disaster management

process. All processed data resulting from

disaster modeling and analysis is meticu-

lously stored within the database, ensuring

its availability for retrieval by authorized di-

saster players.

Disaster Models

Disaster models play a pivotal role

in oil spill disaster management by pro-

viding essential information about oil spill

locations, trajectory, risk areas, damaged

areas, and emergency response. These

models are primarily developed within

the Geographic Information System (GIS)

framework to generate accurate informa-

tion and products for oil spill disaster sce-

narios [5]. Additionally, there are models

that operate outside the GIS environment

but are compatible with various GIS en-

gines, such as OSIS, Oil Spill Risk Analysis

(OSRA) model, and GNOME [6], [7]. Re-

gardless of the specic application mod-

ules employed for oil spill modeling and

analysis, the resulting products can be

seamlessly integrated into an integrated

oil spill disaster management, operation,

and administration system database (Or-

acle 10g). This integration is facilitated by

ESRI’s ArcSDE and Feature Manipulation

Engine (FME) software. ArcSDE serves

as an advanced geographic application

server for relational databases, enabling

efcient management of geographic in-

formation within a database server and

seamless data sharing across all ArcGIS

applications. On the other hand, FME pos-

sesses the capability to integrate diverse

geographic features with geographic in-

formation analysis software.

The integrated database is a crit-

ical component of the system that plays

a pivotal role in situational analysis and

disaster modeling. It serves as a central-

EÍDOS 23

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ized repository for input data from various

agencies and departments that act as

custodians for essential information re-

quired for oil spill modeling, assessment,

and emergency response. The database

encompasses a wide range of information,

including weather data, sea states, and

other relevant parameters. While some of

this information is linked to the database

online and in real-time, other pre-existing

data is readily available for analysis. The

spatial and tabular information required

for the oil spill disaster database is listed

in Table 1 [8]. All processed data result-

ing from disaster modeling and analysis is

meticulously stored within the database,

ensuring its availability for retrieval by au-

thorized disaster players.

Table 1. List of disaster products

and functionalities

Disaster

Products

Functionalities

Oil Spill Location

Map

Shows Location Of The

Disaster And Oil Spill Extents

Oil Spill Trajectory

Map

Shows The Next Destinations

Of Oil Spillage Based On

Time Interval

Oil Spill Risk Map

Shows Area At Risk By

Current Oil Spillage And

Sensitivity Of The Area

Oil Spill

Emergency

Response Map

Shows Important Information

For Disaster Mitigation

Such As Location Of

Disaster Support Centers,

Settlements, Road Networks

And Access Point To

Disaster, Location Of Jetties,

Etc.

Oil Spill Affected

Area Map

Shows Affected Or

Damaged Area By Oil Spill

Command and Control

The Command and Control Sys-

tem plays a pivotal role in facilitating

disaster management, operation, and

administration based on the output prod-

ucts generated by oil spill disaster mod-

els. It encompasses various components

and functionalities that contribute to the

seamless coordination of response efforts

(Table 2).

To ensure effective disaster re-

sponse, relevant disaster products can be

conveniently loaded through the internet

portal. These products serve as valuable

references for disaster responders, en-

abling them to make informed decisions

and take appropriate actions. The system

further streamlines the process by provid-

ing relevant commands and tasks through

forms, emails, or messages. Pre-designed

forms are an integral part of the command

and control system, ensuring that each

authorized person receives customized

forms tailored to their specic responsibil-

ities and tasks.

The Command and Control Sys-

tem is designed to provide comprehen-

sive support for disaster management,

operation, and administration. It leverages

the output products generated by oil spill

disaster models to facilitate effective de-

cision-making and response coordination.

By offering a user-friendly internet portal,

the system enables disaster responders

to access relevant disaster products con-

veniently. These products serve as es-

sential references, equipping responders

with valuable insights into the situation at

hand. Additionally, the system streamlines

communication channels by providing

commands and tasks through various me-

diums such as forms, emails, or messag-

es. This ensures that authorized personnel

receive clear instructions tailored to their

specic responsibilities and tasks.

Table 2. Command & Control System

Components and Functionalities

Command &

Control System

Components

Functionalities; Provide

Tasks or Information

About:

Alert Messages

Disaster Event, Danger,

And Warning Notication

(SMS, Email, Portal)

Disaster Reports

Oil Spill Situational,

Damage, Victim,

Evacuation, Etc.

Human Resources

Contact Person,

Ofcers On Duty, Role

& Responsibilities, Task

Assigned, Directive &

Feedback, Designation,

Etc.

Inventory

Availabilities, Request,

Approval, Receive,

Utilization, Allocation,

Return, Etc

Support Center

Capacity, Location,

Distribution, Type

(Evacuation, Operation And

Relief), Usage

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Communication System

The communication system’s core

infrastructure is an internet portal that ef-

fectively manages all incoming and outgo-

ing transactions while enabling real-time

communication among various disaster

players. This portal also serves as a robust

platform for distributing data to individuals

such as shermen and other stakeholders

involved in coastal areas, including hotels,

resorts, tourism areas, and villagers. These

diverse groups have distinct requirements

concerning details and response times re-

lated to oil spills.

To cater to emergency needs, a

dedicated portal manager oversees the

on-scene commander and personnel man-

agement in the eld. Their primary respon-

sibility revolves around organizing all eld

activities and providing comprehensive

support for activity planning, logistics, and

resource allocation. Portal managers can

hail from different organizations, including

control centers, civil protection agencies,

local administrators, technical or scientic

personnel, or operators in a call center.

The internet portal is designed to

be highly intuitive and user-friendly, ensur-

ing seamless navigation for all authorized

users. It offers a wide array of features and

functionalities that empower disaster play-

ers to effectively communicate and col-

laborate in real-time. The portal’s robust

architecture enables it to handle large vol-

umes of data while ensuring optimal per-

formance and reliability.

In addition to facilitating real-time

communication, the internet portal also

serves as a centralized repository for criti-

cal information related to oil spills. It lever-

ages advanced data management tech-

niques to store and organize vast amounts

of data from various sources. This com-

prehensive database enables authorized

users to access up-to-date information re-

garding oil spill locations, trajectory analy-

sis, risk areas, damaged areas, and emer-

gency response protocols.

Furthermore, the internet portal

plays a crucial role in disseminating vi-

tal information to stakeholders involved

in coastal areas. By leveraging its exten-

sive network connectivity, the portal en-

sures that relevant data reaches individ-

uals such as shermen, hoteliers, resort

owners, tourism operators, and villagers

promptly. This timely information empow-

ers these stakeholders to make informed

decisions and take appropriate actions

based on the specic requirements of

their respective roles.

Overall, the internet portal rep-

resents a cornerstone of the communica-

tion system deployed for oil spill disaster

management. Its robust infrastructure and

comprehensive feature set enable seam-

less collaboration among disaster players

while ensuring efcient data distribution

across various stakeholders. By leverag-

ing cutting-edge technologies and best

practices in data management, the portal

serves as a reliable platform for real-time

communication and information exchange

during critical situations.

2. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

CONFIGURATION

To congure the proposed oil spill

management, operation, and administra-

tion system, a wide array of software and

hardware components are employed.

These components play a crucial role in

facilitating various aspects of the system,

including disaster modeling, data pro-

cessing, data storage, data interchange,

data transfer, and decision support. Fig-

ure 3 provides an overview of the main

software and hardware components pro-

posed for the integrated oil spill disaster

management, operation, and administra-

tion system.

a) Disaster Data Processing Modules:

One of the key components is the

Disaster Data Processing Modules. These

modules encompass all the software re-

quired for oil spill modeling and data pro-

cessing. Among the most popular software

utilized for GIS and spatial data process-

ing and image analysis are ArcGIS and

Geomatica. Depending on the source of

early warning systems and oil spill detec-

tion devices, these software modules can

be seamlessly integrated with other appli-

cation development software.

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b) Central Repository System:

The Central Repository System is a

comprehensive infrastructure that encom-

passes computer servers and database

storage servers. These servers are de-

signed to store both geo-spatial data and

non-spatial databases, ensuring the avail-

ability of essential information for oil spill

disaster management. The Central Re-

pository System is equipped with various

software components, including the Arc-

GIS license manager, ArcSDE, and FME

software. ArcSDE plays a crucial role in fa-

cilitating two-way data transition between

application development and database

servers within the ArcGIS environment.

This seamless data exchange ensures

optimal synchronization and accessibility

of critical information. On the other hand,

FME serves as a powerful data exchange

system capable of extracting, translating,

transforming, integrating, and distributing

spatial data across more than 200 GIS,

CAD, raster, and database formats.

The Central Repository System

represents a cornerstone of the integrated

oil spill disaster management, operation,

and administration system. It provides a

centralized storage solution for geo-spatial

data and non-spatial databases, ensuring

that all essential information is readily avail-

able for analysis and decision-making. By

leveraging advanced software compo-

nents such as ArcSDE and FME, the Cen-

tral Repository System enables seamless

data transition and exchange between

various modules within the system. This

efcient data ow enhances collaboration

among different stakeholders involved in

oil spill disaster management while ensur-

ing optimal performance and reliability.

c) Command and Control System:

The Command and Control System

plays a pivotal role in facilitating seamless

communication and coordination between

the portal system, data processing mod-

ule, and central repository system. It serves

as a vital bridge, enabling the smooth ow

of spatial data and information across var-

ious components of the integrated oil spill

disaster management, operation, and ad-

ministration system.

To ensure efcient data exchange,

the Command and Control System lever-

ages ArcGIS and Internet-based GIS ca-

pabilities within the portal environment.

This integration enables the seamless

transfer of spatial data and information

using ArcIMS. By harnessing these ad-

vanced technologies, the Command and

Control System ensures that critical data is

readily accessible to authorized personnel

across different modules of the system.

Furthermore, the Command and

Control System offers robust mechanisms

for transmitting data through the portal.

It leverages Domain Name Server (DNS)

and Lightweight Directory Access Proto-

col (LDAP) to facilitate secure and reliable

data transfer. These protocols ensure that

data from the Command and Control Sys-

tem is seamlessly transmitted through the

portal, enabling authorized users to ac-

cess up-to-date information promptly.

d) The Portal system:

Manages all incoming and outgo-

ing transactions. The Portal server struc-

ture is based on JAVA Enterprise Edition

(J2EE™) 1.4, which denes the standard

for developing multi-tier enterprise appli-

Figure 3. Oil spill management, operation and

administration system conguration, Source: Authors.

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cations. J2EE simplies enterprise appli-

cations by basing them on standardized,

modular components, by providing a com-

plete set of services to those components,

and by handling many details of applica-

tion behavior automatically. Portal systems

are equipped with Messaging Server,

DNS, and LDAP.

e) The Messaging Server

Is a high-performance and highly

secure messaging platform that provides

extensive security features to help ensure

the integrity of communications through

user authentication, session encryption,

and appropriate content ltering to help

prevent spam and viruses. The Messaging

Server provides secure, reliable messag-

ing services for entire oil spill players and

command and control communities.

f) The DNS Server:

Provides fast, secure, high-speed,

and high-bandwidth multiple Web transac-

tions connectivity and networking.

g) The LDAP Server

Provides a central repository for

storing and managing identity proles, ac-

cess privileges, application, and network

resource information.

4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The system is designed to evaluate

the capability of oil spill disaster players

through a core operation and administra-

tion system at the disaster management

center. It provides early warning, detection,

monitoring, and mitigation functionalities in

the event of an oil spill disaster. The system

includes oil spill disaster models designed

to produce situational information through

thematic products required in oil spill man-

agement and emergency response. Figure

4 shows the data ow diagram through dif-

ferent system components.

In the Central Repository System,

data collections have to be carried out

based on the specication of thematic lay-

ers required for oil spill disaster through

relevant agencies before a disaster hap-

pens. This will be prepared through down-

loading and uploading utilities. All of the

gathered data requires pre-processing,

which includes image pre-processing and

enhancement, vectorization, interpreta-

tion, and extracting related features and

converting them to an appropriate data

format for modeling. Finally, all pre-pro-

Figure 4. Integrated oil spill disaster management, operation and administration system data ow, Source: Authors.

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cessed data will be stored into a database

and will be ready to get utilized by specic

disaster models.

Oil spill disaster modeling and

analysis will proceed by using available

models to achieve disaster products im-

mediately after an oil spill disaster hap-

pens. All the data stated will be modeled

based on their particular models to gen-

erate various types of thematic products.

The major models/systems for oil spill di-

saster are shown in Figures 2 and 4.

One of the major advantages of

this system in comparison with other ex-

isting oil spill management systems is its

command and control module for oil spill

emergency response. The Command and

Control System is like an oil spill opera-

tion and administration ofce that enables

the disaster responders to have thematic

products and information on the current

oil spill event integrated with decision sup-

port. The system includes but is not limited

to the following sub-components.

a) Alert System: The Alert System uses

Email and SMS through Portal.

b) Disaster Operation: Disaster Operation

includes Situational Reporting, Request for

Resources, and Fill in Command Forms.

c) Disaster Declaration: Disaster Decla-

ration includes Incident Report, Red Alert,

and Thematic Products.

d) Correspondence: Correspondence in-

cludes Notication, SMS, Email, Contract

Directory, and Discussion Board.

e) Database Administration: Database

Administration includes Inventory Man-

agement, Organization Management, Fa-

cility Management, Human Resource Man-

agement, and Document Management.

f) Disaster Administration: Disaster Ad-

ministration includes Assign Privileges,

Resource Management, Task Manage-

ment, and Activate Operation Centers.

One of the advantages of this sys-

tem design is having a mutual commu-

nication through the internet portal. The

system can also implement other commu-

nication infrastructures. Situational data

from elds or disaster players can be sent

to the disaster operation and administra-

tion ofce for evaluation, updating the-

matic products, and decision making. The

portal system facilitates all functionalities

described for the command and control

system through forms, reports, emails,

messages, and other utilities. It is simply a

web page with several security levels that

allows accessibility to different people on

the ground like public, players, managers,

and VIPs to different data related to the oil

spill. The portal system is the core com-

munication system between all mentioned

parties involved with the disaster.

5. CONCLUSION

The system designed in this pa-

per is a solution to incorporate the dis-

tinct systems currently used for oil spill

management and make them a unique

multi-functional oil spill management sys-

tem. This makes the operational oil spill

management real-time, more efcient,

and systematic. It covers all aspects of

oil spill management before, during, and

after oil spill events, including disaster

warning, mitigation, communication, as-

sessments, documentation, and data re-

pository. The system can reduce warn-

ing alert and emergency response time.

The system can be easily integrated into

all available systems currently used for

oil spill monitoring and management like

GNOME & CAMEO or other new technol-

ogies to facilitate robust real-time and in-

teractive emergency response for oil spill

accidents. Oil spill response agencies

such as Canada-US Joint Marine Pollu-

tion Contingency Plan (CCG & USCG),

Environment Canada (EC), and other or-

ganizations can easily join their system

to this new web-based technology for

better and efcient oil spill management

and response. Finally, this architect de-

sign for oil spills can be used to develop

other disaster applications. By linking all

disaster applications like ood, landslide

forest re, and tsunami, the system can

be converted into a centralized multi-di-

saster support system [9], [10]. The sys-

tem design is exible for adding any oth-

er functionality needed for supporting oil

spill disasters.

EÍDOS 23

2023

ASSILZADEH, H., TOGHROLI, E. - Interactive Oil Spill Management, Operation and Administration System. pp. 15-24 ISSN:1390-5007

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